1932 ( The Exorcist III, Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure) 1938 (writer/producer, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager)Ĭlifford David b. 1950 ( Frankenstein: The True Story)Ĭharlene Polite b. 1955 ( Bewitched, The X-Files, Jumanji, Blankman, ALF) 1959 ( Daredevil, Jurassic World, The Cell, The Thirteenth Floor, Men in Black, Strange Days)ĭavid Alan Grier b.
1960 ( True Blood, Lost, Heroes, Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines) 1962 ( The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, The Omen, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Children of Dune, The Immortal ) 1966 ( Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, Alice in Wonderland, AEon Flux, Lord of the Rings, Xena, Cleopatra 2525, The Lost World, BeastMaster, Farscape, Hercules: The Legendary Journeys) 1971 ( Warehouse 13, Resident Evil: Apocalypse, Mutant X, Witchblade, The Fifth Quadrant, Relic Hunter)Ĭhris Conrad b. 1972 ( The Road, The Wicker Man, Poltergeist: The Legacy, Highlander ) 1982 ( Hot Tub Time Machine, True Blood, Cloverfield, Smallville)Īaron Perilo b. 1983 ( Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, Buffy) The chain of US seacoast forts built between 1817 and the American Civil War, such as Fort Macon, subsequently had one or more hot shot furnaces included as part of their standard defenses.Angela Sarafyan b.
When French engineer General Simon Bernard came to the US in 1816 to head the Board of Fortifications, for the construction of permanent forts to defend the US coastline, he introduced the idea of hot shot furnaces of the French pattern. Colonel Jonathan Williams left his post as Commandant at the US Military Academy to build hot-shot furnace fortifications such as Castle Clinton and Castle Williams in New York Harbor during this period. The United States incorporated hot-shot furnaces into the design of coastal fortifications during the construction of the Second System of seacoast defenses just prior to the War of 1812. These time-consuming methods were improved by the French, who used specially-constructed furnaces to heat shot in their artillery batteries at the mouth of the Rhône River in 1794. The original method of heating round shot was to cover them in the coals of a large wood fire, or heat them on metal grates placed over a fire pit. Care had to be taken not to overheat the shot, as any that were hotter than "cherry red" were likely to become misshapen, and jam in the bore of the gun. When they were removed, the next shots rolled down to take their place and be similarly heated. The first shots halted over the firebox at the low end and were heated "cherry red", approximately between 800 and 900 C. Cold round shots were placed in the furnace and allowed to roll down the inclined rails in rows. The interior of the furnace was lined with fire brick and had sloping iron rails sized to hold round shot.
A brick chimney was situated at one end with a firebox located in the front or side of the opposite end. They were commonly 6 to 8 ft wide, and anything from 8 to 30 ft in length. A hot shot furnace was typically a free-standing brick structure with special iron racks and grates, varying in size according to the number of round shot they were to heat and the number of cannon they served – a large furnace might hold 60 or more round shot.
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